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Membrane plants
Membrane plantsSeparation of ingredients out of fluids by help of membranes is the procedure used mostly in nature. In each cell of our body exchange of liquid nutritive and harmfull substances is made by means of membranes. NanofiltrationThe design of the nanofiltration plants is similar to these of reverse osmosis plants. Necessary pressures for this type of separation procedure, however, are much lower than those for reverse osmosis. Nanofiltration often is used for softening of process waters. UltrafiltrationMore and more ultrafiltration is used also in the area of pre-treatment of drinking and utility water treatment as well as in treatment of swimming pool water. For reasons of reliable and safe removal of harmful substances and suspended matters from the sewage ultrafiltration more and more replaces usual filter techniques. Reverse OsmosisIn the procedure of reverse osmosis the natural principle of osmosis is reversed. The water to be purified is lead under pressure over a membrane. The applicated pressure must be larger than the osmotic pressure which is determined by the salt content of the water. The water is pressed through the membrane where the harmful substances or salts stay on the side of the concentrate and are taken out as concentrate. Corresponding to the needed purity of the permeate and the inlet concentration of the salts the plant may be constructed as one-stage or two-stage plant. According to the design, the salt rejection of the plant amounts to more than 98% of the inlet. |

